![]() Also during this time, a party of Mexicans and Pueblo Indians captured 12 Navajo in a raid, and three were brought in. Another group of settlers ravaged Navajo rancherias in the vicinity of Beautiful Mountain. In March, a company of 52 citizens led by Jose Manuel Sanchez drove off a bunch of Navajo horses, but Captain Wingate followed the trail and recovered the horses for the Navajo, who had killed Sanchez. They were again promised protection, but as part of the truce, two of the Navajo's four sacred mountains were taken from them, as well as about one-third of their traditionally held land. A truce between the army and Navajo was signed on February 15, 1861. However, the army allowed other Native American tribes and Mexicans to steal livestock and capture Navajo to be used as slaves. Typical truces and treaties said the army would protect the Navajo. On April 30, 1860, Manuelito and Barboncito with 1,000 Navajo warriors attacked the fort and almost took control. Defiance, took over the prime grazing land, and killed Manuelito's livestock that was there. They argued that the army had refused to bring in feed for their many animals at Ft. Manuelito (Hastiin Chʼil Haajiní) and Barboncito (Hastiin Dághaaʼ) reminded the Navajo that the Army was bringing in troops to wage war, it had flogged a Navajo messenger, and opened fire on tribal headsman Agua Chiquito, during talks for peace. There are many examples of friction between invading European Americans and Navajo groups between 18. Navajo–Army conflicts before Long Walk Manuelito, studio portrait, c. Prior to the Long Walk, there were a series of treaties signed in 1849, 1858, and 1861. government (near present-day Window Rock, Arizona) and Fort Wingate (originally Fort Fauntleroy near Gallup, New Mexico). In August 1851, Colonel Edwin Vose Sumner established Fort Defiance for the U.S. Hostilities escalated between European Americans and Navajos following the scalping of the respected Navajo leader Narbona in 1849. Individual civilians and Native Americans could be victims of these conflicts and also instigate conflicts to serve their special interests. This included interactions between Navajo, Spanish, Mexican, Pueblos, Apache, Comanche, Ute, and later European Americans. There was a long historical pattern in the Southwest of groups or bands raiding and trading with each other, with treaties being made and broken. The traditional Navajo homeland spans from Arizona through western New Mexico, where the Navajo had houses, planted crops, and raised livestock. Some anthropologists claim that the "collective trauma of the Long Walk.is critical to contemporary Navajos' sense of identity as a people". Some 53 different forced marches occurred between August 1864 and the end of 1866. Navajos were forced to walk from their land in what is now Arizona to eastern New Mexico. The Long Walk of the Navajo, also called the Long Walk to Bosque Redondo ( Navajo: Hwéeldi), was the 1864 deportation and attempted ethnic cleansing of the Navajo people by the United States federal government.
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